A substantial proportion (60%) of the 215 CAA-positive cases showed low antigen concentrations, suggesting that even PCR and POC-CCA underestimated the “true” number of schistosome positives. mansoni infections, even in the absence of microscopy. Further analysis of the generated data indicated stool-based PCR and the POC-CCA test to be suitable diagnostics for screening of S. Schistosoma DNA was present in urine (3%) and stool (28%) samples, while CCA (28%) and CAA (69%) were detected in urine. Schistosomiasis presence was determined retrospectively in 314 banked stool and urine samples, available from a previous survey on the prevalence of taeniasis in a community in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, using real-time PCR, the point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) test, as well as the up-converting particle lateral flow circulating anodic antigen (UCP-LF CAA) test. This study evaluates these alternative methods for the detection of Schistosoma infections in the absence of microscopy. Alternative diagnostics with better sensitivity while remaining highly specific, such as real-time PCR and circulating antigen detection, are progressively used as complementary diagnostic procedures but have not yet replaced microscopy. This application requires an active Internet connection.Detection of Schistosoma eggs in stool or urine is known for its low sensitivity in diagnosing light infections.All your work is now compatible with Microsoft Word and PDF. Keeps your activity logs for your future manuscript. Therefore, if you're looking for a program to control the bibliography of your research projects, you only have to download EndNote. EndNote x9 Key Features: Search your preferred databases directly with EndNote.

The program's design is focused on making it very easy to include any kind of contents together with all the data that may help to catalog it, including the possibility to attach documents to each database entry.Īccess bibliography databases from all over the world.įurthermore, EndNote has also been developed to make the work of the researchers easier in such a way that it includes direct links to the bibliographic entries of more than 4,300 universities and investigation centers at an international level. The purpose for which EndNote has been developed is clear, manage all the bibliography of any project no matter what its content is, and for this purpose it has a clear interface that doesn't stand out due to its design, but does due to how practical it is. There are multiple applications dedicated to bibliography management, but if there is a program designed for this purpose that stands out over all the rest, that has to be EndNote, the program developed by the prestigious media company Thomson Reuters.

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